DRUGS AND ADDICTION ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medications AND ADDICTION ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Clearly, the nature of the social setting impacts a person’s assortments. Subsequently, it emphasizes the noticeable quality of social elements for improving practices and addictions. The work gives clarification people’s observations and fundamental thought processes that encourage maltreatment of explicit medications dependent on sociological speculations. Explicit territories of interests incorporate the emblematic interactionism, auxiliary utilitarian and struggle powers (Brent and Lewis 2013). Plus, hereditary elements impact people worth and societys responses. Basic functionalism Interprets society as a perplexing framework whose segments cooperate to invigorate dependability and solidarity. In this manner, positive or negative individuals’ bids are results of request extreme arrangements or the nonattendance separately. Therefore, sedate maltreatment is a response to the feeble or decaying norms in the American culture. Critical modernization presents complex structures and brief social varieties. Thus, shared ethics and standards become inconclusive and unclear. To a more extensive setting, the circumstance causes social precariousness, which is answerable for irregularities, and social strains that expansion medicate misuse. In like manner, inconsistency between the American Government offices, social insurance suppliers, and sponsors advances medicate use among residents. For example, the medicinal services caution about perils related with the medications, advertisers adore the utilization of medications and the administration sponsors costs of different substances like tobacco and liquor businesses. Regardless of whether it is controlled substance or legitimate items, the medications despite everything exist for human utilization. Likewise, culture cultivates medicate use for instance toasting champagne with lucky man and lady of the hour. Indisputably, substance misuse results from absence of a solid connections between the general public and people. Social difficulties likewise emerge from individual’s connection with peers. The representative interactionist

Early Detection Of Perinatal Asphyxia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Meconium recoloring amnionic liquid ( MSAF ) is related with tonss of unfavorable outcome and has for some time been viewed as a terrible forecaster of fetal outcome. Meconium goal condition ( MAS ) is frequently connected with fetal hypoxia which advances meconium release in amnionic liquid, gasping and desire of MSAF, furthermore changes in the vascular strong media of pneumonic arterias of the embryo. Around 30 to 50 % of MAS required mechanical airing or continuous positive air entry power per unit zone ( CPAP ) . We will compose a custom paper test on Early Detection Of Perinatal Asphyxia Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Point: †This review overview was attempted to occur out prompt fetal outcome in meconium recolored spirits according to perinatal asphyxia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: †It was a review study. We investigated the clinical records of all Neonates admitted to neonatal concentrated consideration unit ( NICU ) between first September 2011 to 31st July 2012 at NICU of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Gestational time of angels lt ; 37weeks are coded as preterm, gt ; 42weeks as station term and 37 to 42 hebdomads as term. Chi square preliminary and Binary strategic captured improvement were utilized for the examination. We determined chances proportions ( OR ) and their 95 % affirmation interims ( 95 % CI ) . P-esteem Result: †Out of 399 whole inductions in NICU, male ( 62.4 % ) indicated dominance when contrasted with female ( 37.6 % ) , among which 6.8 % were cases of MAS, doing female ( 10.7 % ) increasingly inclined contrasted with male ( 4.4 % ) while perinatal asphyxia came out to be 11.5 % , doing male ( 12 % ) progressively inclined to female ( 10.7 % ) . Post term [ chances ratio=3.50 ( CI: 0.39, 31.42 ) ] and term [ chances ratio=2.58 ( CI: 1.16, 5.75 ) ] darlings were holding more peril of creating MAS contrasted with preterm ( P lt ; 0.01 ) . Post term [ chances ratio=9.15 ( CI: 1.91, 43.75 ) ] and term [ chances ratio=2.67 ( CI: 1.41, 5.08 ) ] darlings were holding more danger of creating perinatal asphyxia contrasted with preterm ( P lt ; 0.01 ) . MAS angel is holding 6.62 ( CI: 2.85, 15.38 ) times danger of creating perinatal asphyxia ( p lt ; 0.01 ) . Choice: †MAS is a perinatal activity which requires a full co-activity and coordination of Obstetrician and Pediatrician on the off chance that it is to be kept away from. Expeditious and proficient bringing room bearing can limit the sequeale of suctioned meconium and reduce the chance of perinatal asphyxia. Watchwords: †Meconium goal disorder ( MAS ) , Perinatal asphyxia, NICU, Pediatric Foundation: †In the mid 2000, the commonness of MAS extended from 0.20 % to 0.54 % in everyone [ 2-4 ] and from 1.0 % to 6.8 % in babies brought into the world through MSAF [ 1, 2-4 ] . A reappraisal of 10 investigations distributed from 1990 to 1998 demonstrated a consolidated frequency of 13.1 % for MSAF, 0.52 % of MAS, 4.2 % of MAS among MSAF, and 49.7 % of MAS requiring ventilatory help with a 4.6 % death rate [ 3 ] . In any case, huge populace based surveies were rare and recommended a lower frequency of MAS: the national US birth partner overview led on the balance of singleton term non-Hispanic white unrecorded births ( 1995-2001 ) demonstrated that the pace of MAS particularly expanded with gestational age ( GA ) , that is, from 0.10 % at 37 hebdomads development ( WG ) to 0.22 and 0.31 % at 40 and 41 WG, severally [ 5 ] . The pervasiveness of MAS could be extrapolated to 0.18 % in this populace of term babies. In Australia, the pace of MAS requiring mechanical airing in level III units extended between 0.024 to 0.046 % at 36-40 WG thus expanded to 0.080 % at 41 WG and 0.14 % at 42 WG [ 6 ] . In France, the commonness of naturally ventilated MAS was evaluated to 0.043 % by a review national investigation among babies conceived in 2000-2001 [ 7 ] . Meconium-recolored amnionic liquid happens in around 13 % of unrecorded births. Meconium yearning disorder ( MAS ) happens in 5 to 10 % of infants brought into the world through meconium-recolored amnionic liquid. At the point when MAS happens, there is an expansion in neonatal mortality and grimness. Incredible progression has been made in the advancement of perseverance of children with MAS. Extraordinary headway in course has been made since first portrayal of the pathophysiology and hapless aftereffect of children with MAS in 1975. [ 8 ] These incorporate improved intrapartum and post-conveyance heading of MAS. In spite of the fact that there is a significant diminishing in the event of MAS and related mortality in created states MAS stays a significant activity in creating states. Meconium, the fecal stuff that collects in the fetal colon all through development, is a term gotten from the Greek mekoni, expecting poppy juice or opium. It is an unfertile, thick, dark green, unscented stuff principal saw in the fetal gut during the third month of development. Meconium outcomes from the gradual addition of residue, including desquamated cells from the gut and covering, GI mucin, lanugo hair, greasy stuff from the vernix caseosa, amnionic liquid and enteric secernments. The dark green shading outcomes from bile colors. [ 9, 10 ] Most infants have their first digestive system movement after birth ( inside the initial 24 to 48 hour after birth ) . At times an embryo can experience meconium in uteri. Goal of meconium and amnionic liquid can continue during any purpose of the work and bringing. The hatchling could draw out this blend of liquids while they are still in the belly, getting through the birth trench, or when they take their first inhale after birth. This is alluded to as Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ( MAS ) . MAS is an of import reason for respiratory hurt in the term neonate, is a genuine status with high grimness and mortality. [ 11,12 ] The pathophysiology is mind boggling and non great characterized, including aviation route obstructor, pneumonic hypertension, epithelial hurt, surfactant inactivation, and redness. [ 11,13 ] Fetal asphyxia [ 14 ] and contamination are recommended to be boss causative specialists. [ 15,16 ] Meconium produces incendiary reactions in both bodily hypothetical records and neonates with MAS. [ 17 ] After intratracheal instillment of meconium in vitalize creatures, there is an extraordinary pneumonic provocative response with inflow of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and T cells inside a couple of hours. The creation of proinflammatory cytokines further spreads parenchymal lung cell hurt, [ 18,19 ] and apoptotic epithelial cells are available in meconium containing lungs. [ 20,21 ] MAS is a sickness of the term and close term infant that is related with significant respiratory bleakness. The malady is portrayed by early approaching of respiratory hurt in a meconium-recolored infant, with hapless lung congruity and hypoxemia clinically and inconsistent opacification and hyperinflation radiographically. [ 22, 23 ] At least one tierce of children with MAS require cannulation and mechanical airing, [ 24, 25 ] and more up to date neonatal treatments, for example, high-recurrence airing ( HFV ) , breathed in azotic oxide ( iNO ) , and surfactant removal are often brought into show. [ 26, 27 ] In the previous hardly any decennaries, there appears to hold been a lessening in the rate of MAS in numerous focuses, in any event in the created universe. [ 25, 28, 29 ] The clear diminishing in the peril of MAS has been credited to better obstetric examples, in curious, dismissing of postmaturity and quick bringing where fetal hurt has been noted. [ 28 ] Point: This review study was embraced to occur out quick fetal outcome in meconium recolored spirits comparable to perinatal asphyxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: †Study structure and the members: It was a hospital based review exploratory overview directed in the Department of Pediatrics, Manipal College of Medical Sciences ( MCOMS ) , Kathmandu University. Manipal learning clinic ( MTH ) is a third consideration hospital in pokhara city of Nepal and it is a decent encouraged and outfitted clinic for patients with neonatal serious consideration unit ( NICU ) . It was picked for the study in light of the fact that Manipal learning clinic is a third consideration 825 slept with hospital and it was normal that the vast majority of the patients will result in these present circumstances hospital from Western Nepal. Information COLLECTION: †This study was done from 1ST SEPTEMBER 2011to 31st JULY, 2012. The study populace included patients conceded in Pediatrics NICU from various pieces of Pokhara, Nepal. In the wake of acquiring the authorization from the caput of the segment, data was gathered from the clinical record area of the patient from NICU. The variable gathered were Age, sex, weight, way of bringing and gestational age. Aggregate of 399 examples were remembered for the review holding both meconium yearning disorder, perinatal asphyxia and other neonatal contaminations. Incorporation CRITERIA: Gestational period of angels lt ; 37weeks are coded as preterm, gt ; 42weeks as station term and 37 to 42 hebdomads as term. Test SIZE CALCULATION: To be included along these lines Result Variables: To occur out quick fetal outcome in meconium recolored spirits comparable to perinatal asphyxia. Informative Variables: Variables at single degree are gestational age and sex. Moral COMMITTEE APPROVAL: Originating before the study, favoring for the review was gotten from the institutional research moral commission. Information MANAGEMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Examination was finished using elucidating measurements and demonstrating of theory. The data was broke down using Excel 2003, R 2.8.0, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) for Windows Version 16.0 ( SPSS Inc ; Chicago, IL, USA ) and the EPI Info 3.5.1 Windows Version. A p-estimation of lt ; 0.05 ( two-followed ) was utilized to set up measurable importance. [ 30, 31 ] Result: †Table 1: Cross plain issue between Socio segment variables and meconium goal sy

Political or social issues Essay

Ethnocentrism alludes to people’s propensity for applying selfness in every day life exercises by viewing themselves as just than others, pulling towards themselves and in this manner make all decisions dependent on their own qualities, sentiments, thoughts, goals, conventions and social practices. It is a viewpoint that brings issues of partialities, contempt, ethnicity and stereotypic practices. On the opposite side, it fortifies and keeps up conviction structures and practices just as making justification pride. It likewise makes individual chipping in soul for one’s gathering or society focused on aggregate advantages. The generally acknowledged impact of ethnocentrism is that it makes negative impacts particularly with regards to correspondence and understanding each other. This is on the grounds that individuals from various societies have various feelings and observations with regards to various issues in life, for example, social, political or social issues. It is along these lines hard for individuals to arrive at an accord as everybody thinks about him/her right, subsequently misperceptions and false impressions (Felix, 2004). b. Clarify the contrast between individualistic societies and collectivist societies and your own encounters with culture stun. Hofstede analyzed ethnocentrism American and Indian understudies and concocted two significant angles which for the most part developed American’s student’s socio-social similarity. One of the viewpoints was individualistic culture, where a culture is created to esteem oneself more than others and with regards to a gathering; its individuals are viewed as more than non individuals. The other perspective was power separation measurement which fundamentally centered around cultural uniformity and imbalance. This is the view that powerful individuals are qualified for additional benefits than the low controlled. As indicated by his exploration the over two viewpoints made America score 91% and India 48% of ethnocentrism in understudies. Collectivist culture is the way of life where advantage to everything is the standard. It applies in nations or society where individuals esteem mutualism via thinking about each other (Violet, 2001). Reference Felix, G. , (2004) Social Psychology. London, Blackwell Publishers Violet, T. , (2001) Sociological Theories and Approaches. West, CT, Praeger

The Ugly Secret of Topics for Technology Essay

The Ugly Secret of Topics for Technology Essay The Importance of Topics for Technology Essay To locate argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you will need to comprehend about the argumentative essay. Argumentative essays must supply a crystal clear thesis and follow decent reasoning. Finding the correct articlesto support your persuasive essay is a little more challenging. Write my essay on those topics. College is for a high degree of study. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. If you're writing an essay to attempt to persuade a person to break an addiction, including a few of these resources might end up being an integral point of your paper. It is essential to choose a great topic to be able to compose a wonderful paper. Hence the goal must be expressed with a crystal clear expectation of the time in your life once it happens. There are two main reasons behind placing your goals on paper. If you get a valid issue and you may offer sufficient arguments on it, then go with this. In this instance, it's vital that you get a topic that you're comfortable with. Another alternative is to turn to the writing services for support. You can't defend any point without a superior understanding of your subject. Special attention needs to be paid to the inception of a strong argument. In addition to the typical notes given in class, it's important to do your research and add the quantity of knowledge which you have. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. The reader needs to be impressed by how you defend your ideas. Simply, you should endeavor to make them interested in furthering their discussion by themselves even as soon as they are finished with the reading the writing. Then, it's required to offer a crucial review of the literature regarding the problem under discussion. To accomplish a compelling subject, you will need to focus on a single issue instead of using several thoughts which often confuse the reader. The exact same thing you're going to do in your argumentative essay! The second thing which you should take care of once you choose the title is to maintain in mind five varieties of argument claims. There are a lot of things you wish to live, many things you feel, and you simply don't know if a number of the situations you do are ok or not. New things happen daily. The Most Popular Topics for Technology Essay Communication technology essay topics may include a wide selection of ideas. You should clarify how some specific technology affects people. As you compose the essay, you ought to be able to define science, technology and the association between them both. Essentially, technology essay replicates the structure and the principal principles of a typical essay with a couple of peculiarities of its own. The dearth of fantastic support sources will end in a decrease grade. Other health issues affecting huge populations incorporate deadly and contagious viruses including AIDS and Ebola. Along with having obesity being among the important health effects from the class of technology taking over, there are a number of other things involving health effects among young adolescents like vision and hearing troubles. Lots of people appear to be hooked on tech. There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argued in an essay. The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. These forms of essay are focused on persuading audiences to their perspective, and thus do not concentrate on imparting information. If so, Harvard format is the thing to do.

Ethical Decision Making on Various Managerial Accounting...

JAMAR Vol. 2  · Number 2  · 2004 Ethical Decision Making on Various Managerial Accounting Issues Arnold Schneider* Abstract This study examines five managerial accounting issues that have ethical implications. These issues are based on situations described in managerial accounting textbooks. To induce truthful responses, an approach called the randomized response technique is used. With this technique, estimates are obtained for responses to sensitive questions relating to the five issues. Results ranged from 9 percent to 51 percent of participants making decisions that are at least questionable from an ethical perspective. Key Words Introduction Many issues in the area of managerial accounting have ethical implications. This is†¦show more content†¦The Issues The five issues selected for study all come from decision situations appearing in managerial accounting textbooks. Two situations involve investment decisions, one entails a production decision, one deals with cost allocation, and one involves estimation judgment. Each of these five issues is detailed in the Appendix and is explained in the remainder of this section. Issue #1: Overproduction The first issue relates to the proposition discussed in the previous section that managers’ decisions may be motivated by the desire to manipulate earnings. Specifically, Issue #1 involves the controversy over absorption costing (i.e., full costing) versus variable costing. Advocates of the latter state that with absorption costing, net income is susceptible to manipulation by managers because fixed overhead is a product cost and, therefore, unit costs can be lowered by merely increasing current production. This lowers cost of goods sold and, in turn, yields a higher current net income. As Zimmerman (2000, p. 496) states, â€Å"Managers rewarded on total profits calculated using absorption costing can increase reported profits by increasing production (if sales are held constant). A major criticism of absorption costing is that it creates incentives for managers to overproduce, thereby building inventories.† Horngren et al. (2002, p. 609) also note that 30 Issue #2: Cost Allocation TheShow MoreRelatedwhy managerial accounting is important Essay840 Words   |  4 Pagesexplains why managerial accounting is important to the future careers of all business students. It answers three questions: (1) What is managerial accounting? (2) Why does managerial accounting matter to your career? and (3) What skills do managers need to succeed? It also discusses the importance of ethics in business and corporate social responsibility.    I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is managerial accounting? A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Examine the difference between Financial and managerial accounting †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FinancialRead MoreApplying Personal Managerial Accounting Problems1296 Words   |  6 PagesACT510Z-AGAC02S-01-Accounting Theory for Management Decisions, by Dr. Miller which is a hybrid class; and 2. FIN540X-A1-07-Managerial Finance by Dr. Anne which is a fully online class Outcomes from my first course ACT510Z to My Workplace The course outcomes for the ACT510Z-AGAC02S-01-Accounting Theory for Management Decisions - by Dr. Miller (Sullivan University, 2015a, P1) are: †¢ Solve various managerial accounting problems †¢ Utilize critical thinking skills in addressing various managerial accounting issuesRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Managerial Accounting Profession1186 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment has obvious ethical issues that not only affect firms or corporations, but also affect the community; for example, the respect of the privacy and confidentiality of the firm, the relationships between the organization and its clients or suppliers, dealing with people outside the company or organization. This essay is mainly concerns with the ethical issues in the managerial accounting profession discipline. But first the essay will display the nature of the managerial accounting and its workingRead MoreThe Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment1723 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1 THE CHANGING ROLE OF MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING IN A DYNAMIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Learning Objectives 1. Define managerial accounting and describe its role in the management process. 2. Explain four fundamental management processes that help organizations attain their goals. 3. List and describe five objectives of managerial accounting activity. 4. Explain the major differences between managerial and financial accounting. 5. Explain where managerial accountants are located inRead Moremanagerial accounting Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages Managerial Accounting Chapter # 01 Homework 1 01) How does managerial accounting differ from financial accounting? A: Managerial accounting is concerned with providing information to managers for use inside the organization. Financial accounting is con ¬cerned with providing information to stockhold ¬ers, creditors, and others outside of the organi ¬zation. 02) Pick any major television network and describe some planning and control activities that its managers would engage in. A: FiveRead MoreThe Management Of A Business Organization1568 Words   |  7 Pagesand, (b) making sure that the organization is ethical in its pursuit of those aims. Discuss this statement within the context of each of the following types of organization. †¢ A business organization that is a manufacturer; and, †¢ A not-for-profit organization, such as a charity.†¨In each case, ensure that you provide illustrations of how the management accountant can contribute to ensuring that organizational objectives are achieved and ethical integrity retained. â€Å"Managerial Accounting is a professionRead MoreDecision Making in Managerial Accounting Essay2639 Words   |  11 PagesManagerial accountants need to use accounting information in seeing to it that they are able to plan, evaluate the company performance, manage risks and control the business operations in a manner that is deemed beneficial to the business as a whole (Caplan, n. d). This can be achieved through: having high standards of ethics in all situations; employing the techniques of management reports, budgetary control, and analysis of fund flows and financial statements; making prudent capital investmentRead MoreHilton Ppt Chapter 1 Answer Key6698 Words   |  27 PagesChapter 01 The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment Chapter 01 The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment Answer Key    True / False Questions    1.  Controlling involves the coordination of daily business functions within an organization.   FALSE    AACSB: Reflective Thinking AICPA BB: Industry AICPA FN: Decision Making Bloom s: RC Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 01-02 Explain four fundamental managementRead MoreEssay on Role of Managerial Accounting10330 Words   |  42 PagesChapter 01 The Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment    True / False Questions    1.  Controlling involves the coordination of daily business functions within an organization.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    2.  Measuring the performance of managers and subunits is not an objective of managerial accounting.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False    3.  Middle-level managers would likely be considered internal users of accounting information rather than external users.   True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False Read MoreChapter01.the Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment4441 Words   |  18 Pagesof the following statements about managerial accountants is false? A. Managerial accountants more and more are considered business partners. B. Managerial accountants often are part of cross-functional teams. C. An increasing number of organizations are segregating managerial accountants in separate managerial-accounting departments. D. In a number of companies, managerial accountants make significant business decisions and resolve operating problems.

I Will Forgive Vroom ! - 2310 Words

I Will Forgive Vroom! Vroom! Vroom! Honk! Honk! Honk! Crash! I’ve been reliving that moment in my life. It was a gorgeous morning day out. The sun shining, trees slowly losing leaves. The smell of nature was beautiful. I’m walking out of school and started to talk with my friends. Cars are everywhere. Parking lots full. The cars are louder than a herd of elephants. In a distance, I see my mom’s car. I wave and start running towards her. Here it comes again. Vroom! Vroom! Vroom! A car is flying by at least going 90. Honk! Honk! Honk! The car is honking at a white Honda Civic Hybrid. That’s my mom’s! Crash! The car gets smacked. It flips over and burst into flames. I start hearing a scream. It’s me screaming louder than ever. I see the guy from the other car get out. He is dressed in all black. He takes off running along the narrow road. I hear loud screeching. Its metal scraping on metal. Without thinking I tell my friend to go get help. I take off after the guy that was in the other car. I feel the wind brushing off my face. I see the man getting bigger. I’m right behind him now! I yell at him. He turns around and tries to punch me. I hit his side arm just in time. It hits the bright red stop sign. His knuckles are bleeding. I quickly punch him in the face. I feel a slight pain in my hand. I quickly ignore it. Then he takes out my legs from under me. I hear a loud smack. A car pulls over and the driver tells him to get in the car. I get up and see a blue 4v4 truck driveShow MoreRelatedManagement Styles In Management870 Words   |  4 Pagesissues with them. I want the staff members to feel that it is okay to forgive a fine or extend a due date for the sake of customer service. Sahoo, Behera, and Tripathy state, â€Å"Individuals feel empowered when they perceive and possess power to adequately cope with events, situations, or people they confront† (Sahoo, Behera, Tripathy, 2010, p42). Another important aspect of management is motivating workers. I feel goal making is an excellent strategy to motivate workers. Victor Vroom introduced oneRead MoreThe Empty Corridor As A Tall Slender Woman1515 Words   |  7 Pagesbut quickly pushed that knowledge to the back of his mind. They can be part of the landscape he could view from above – they could be the mountains he flew past by! Arms out stretched, Jerome imitated the grumbling sounds of a plane engine. ‘Vroom, vroom!’ he yelled, running around the room in circles. He was soaring past the mountains, the rippling waves of the oceans below, flying past birds in the sky and he was so close to the warm sun. Nobody could reach him here; it was his safe haven whereRead MoreLimitation of Trait Theory12233 Words   |  49 Pagesaffects the extent to which given leader traits and behaviors will be effective. Contingency theories gained prominence in the late 1960s and 1970s. Four of the more well-known contingency theories are Fiedlers contingency theory, path-goal theory, the Vroom-Yetton-Jago decision-making model of leadership, and the situational leadership theory. Each of these approaches to leadership is briefly described in the paragraphs that follow. Introduced in 1967, Fiedlers contingency theory was the first to specifyRead MoreProblems and Aspirations of Youth as Highlighted in the Novels of Chetan Bhagat5079 Words   |  21 Pagesthis philosophy can be seen in his novel â€Å" One Night @ The Call Center†, where the hero, who answers the phone calls from clueless Americans about their cooking appliances, remarks,† Every cousin of mine is becoming a doctor or engineer,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.You can say I am the black sheep of my family.† Bhagat believes that India tends to have an academic and social revolution to prevent young people simply regurgitating what they learn without thinking. He wants to convey this message across to the Indian youth- evenRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesindex. ISBN 978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual Read MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesprocess and its role in the organization. To start with, first of all we will define the Management and then we will go through the functions of management as well as relationship between management and HRM . A. Concepts and Essential of Management i. What is Management? Management is the process of working with different resources to accomplish organizational goals. Good managers do those things both effectively and efficiently. To be effective is to achieve organizational goals. To be efficientRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 PagesI AM ZLATAN By Zlatan Ibrahimovic as told to David Lagercrantz --------------------------------------------------------------------------- This book is dedicated to my family and friends, to those who have stood by my side, on good days and bad. I also want to dedicate it to all the kids out there, those who feel different and don t fit in. Those who are seen for the wrong reasons. It s OK to be different. Continue being yourself. It worked out for me. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Paul Krugman Columnist Project Response free essay sample

He points out the fallacy in the Republicans’ arguments. He tells that the Republicans are establishing Mellon-style liquidation as â€Å"the official doctrine of the G. O. P. † Krugman attacks any and all flaws that he can find in the Republican legislation. According to Krugman, the economic policy of the Republicans is to â€Å"liquidate† all excessive spending, or as much as possible. Krugman says that this pretty much means schoolteachers. He is pretty much is making fun of the opposing Republicans’ actions toward improving the economy. He argues that the Republicans are embracing an 80-year old â€Å"economic fallacies,† which he deems as being ineffective. He does admit that the Democrats aren’t helping the case either. He says that they â€Å"are offering little pushback. † Krugman is not very respectful in his refutations of his opponents. He writes the entire article in a cynical tone, one that is almost mocking the Republicans. Within the article, he uses a large amount of sarcasm through the use of numerous rhetorical questions and verbal irony. We will write a custom essay sample on Paul Krugman Columnist Project Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While he is describing the Republicans’ argument, he points out that they are saying that â€Å"job destruction leads to lower wages, which leads to job creation. † He is quick to follows that with a rhetorical question that says â€Å"But won’t this job creation lead to higher wages, which leads to job destruction, which leads to ? † Krugman really tends to stick to logos in this article, and tries to persuade the reader through rhetorical strategies such as process analysis and argumentation. I didn’t agree with Mr. Krugman at all, in fact he made me kind of mad and disgusted at the content of his arguments, as well as the constant trite remarks the he directed towards the Republicans. Despite the fact that I am rather close-minded, I couldn’t help but find that Mr. Krugman resorted more to personal attacks rather than attacks of his opponents’ actions or ideals. However, at the end of the article, I was glad to see that he admitted that the Democrats weren’t doing anything at all to help either, so I give him more credit and will read his articles with a more open mind.

Beethoven Essays (573 words) - Age Of Enlightenment,

Beethoven Education in general and in music Beethoven came from a musical family, and his early musical training was under his father's guidance. His father taught him piano and violin. His general education was not continued beyond the elementary school. He was practically illiterate in math. II. Self assertion As a youth of 19, in 1789, Beethoven took legal steps to have himself placed at the head of his family. He petitioned for half his father's salary to support his brothers. This act of self-assertion is an indication of his character. III. Studies with Haydn A. The first contact On one of Haydn's trips to London, he met the young Beethoven. Beethoven showed Haydn a cantata and he received Haydn's commendation. The Elector of Bonn paid for Beethoven's lessons and expences in to study with Haydn in Vienna. B. The studies Beethoven arrived in Vienna in 1792 and studied with Haydn for about one year. The arrangement proved to be a dissappointment to Beethoven. C. The relationship Outwardly in public the two were cordial, but there were troubles with the relationship--maybe professional jealousy caused the problems. D. Other teachers Beethoven turned to other teachers when Haydn went to London for the second time. He studied with Albrechtsberger, famous as a choir director at St. Stephens in Vienna and the best-known counterpoint teacher in Vienna. He then studied Salieri, famous in Mozart's biography. Salieri helped Beethoven in setting Italian words to music. IV. Establishment as pianist and composer His first task in Vienna was to establish himself as pianist and composer. He achieved both rapidly. A. Aristocracy He had worked for a court in Bonn so his first contacts were in aristocratic circles. He needed financial support from them. B. Public concerts Public concerts were not yet the way of life in Vienna, but Beethoven did begin a series of charity concerts. Later in 1800 he gave his first concert for his own benefit. C. Opus 1 His opus 1, Trios for Piano Violin and Cello, were designed to impress Viennese society. Each trio is in 4 movements. Beethoven created parity among the instruments in these trios. V. Brothers and Nephew A. Fighting with brothers All three brothers lived in Vienna and they often "came to blows" in the street. B. Fighting for nephew After his brother Carl died in 1815 Beethoven felt responsible for his nephew Karl. He had little difficulty in persuading himself that his sister-in-law was unfit to care for Karl. He went to court requesting guardianship (he won). VI. Deafness A. The secret It is not known for sure when he began to go deaf, but he kept the fact a secret until 1801 when he wrote a Bonn friend about his "miserably life". B. Heiligenstadt Testament Having moved out of the city for medical reasons he wrote the Heiligenstadt Testament. C. Total deafness He was totally deaf by 1818. He continued to compose until the year of his death in 1827. Works of Beethoven 9 SYMPHONIES ? 1 OPERA "Fidelio" ? 32 PIANO SONATAS ? 5 PIANO CONCERTOS ? 16 STRING QUARTETS ? 16 SONATAS FOR ONE INSTRUMENT AND PIANO (CELLO,5; VIOLIN,10; FH,1) The Symphonies ? op.21 Symphony No. 1 in C 1800 ? op.36 Symphony No. 2 in D 1801-02 ? op.55 Symphony No. 3 in E flat "Erocia" 1803 ? op.60 Symphony No. 4 in B flat 1806 ? op.67 Symphony No. 5 in c minor 1807 ? op.68 Symphony No. 6 in F "Pastoral" 1808 ? op.92 Symphony No. 7 in A 1811 ? op.93 Symphony No. 8 in F 1812 ? op.125 Symphony No. 9 in d minor 1822

Do People Truly Understand Vegetarianism Professor Ramos Blog

Do People Truly Understand Vegetarianism https://prezi.com/view/xloHLbey3DCpFCBp3v9M/

Difference between the USA and UK government type and the difference Essay

Difference between the USA and UK government type and the difference in the checks and balances. (UK unwritten checks and balances list) (USA written checks and balances) - Essay Example UK’s unwritten checks and balances ascribe the legislature with sovereignty and other judicial bodies do not object the statutes that result from the legislature. In a way, this gives the government seemingly unconstrained power because the majority party has the power to pass many bills. USA’s written checks and balances are different because they are codified and this gives them authority. These checks and balances limit and bind all political institutions and establish a hierarchy of law. USA’s political institutions are subjected to judicial review, the judiciary can override a decision by the executive, and the executive can veto a decision made by the legislature (Hauss 459). UK’s unwritten checks and balances recognizes the powers of the monarch as a forth arm of the government in the UK. For example, the queen can dissolve or refuse to dissolve the parliament during emergency. On the other hand, USA’s written checks and balances recognize the judiciary, legislature, and executive as the three arms of government. The checks and balances provide that only the executive can force the legislature to adjourn. UK’s unwritten checks and balances provide that a judges’ council appoint senior judicial elements. Conversely, USA’s written checks and balances task the executive with the role of appointing judges that the legislature approves (Hauss 460). The unwritten checks and balances of the UK stipulate that courts can decide whether a document is a genuine Act. Different from this stipulation, USA’s checks and balance allow the judicial arm of government to interpret the law. UK’s unwritten checks and balance allows the Lord Chancellor to impeach judges while according to USA’s checks and balances, the legislature can impeach judges. UK’s unwritten checks and balances stipulate that the House of the Lords be not democratically elected whereas USA’s written

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Review - Essay Example In a more comprehensive sense, the song teaches life skills that are important to learn for the execution of daily activities in life. It has a repetitive approach in the form of a song that is attractive to the intended audience. It makes the audience have a sense of time and ensure punctuality in all their endeavors. It uses a simple language that is understandable and gives a full preview of the day’s activities from home to school and back. It analyzes different activities from the time they wake to the time they go to sleep. The songs objective is to teach young children how to observe the time by memorizing their daily activities. The song uses a repetitive style so that children can internalize it and understand their responsibilities. It gives a narrative of the children activities throughout the day in a comprehensive way that captures every aspect of their lives. In that accord, it demonstrates some important subjects such as cleanliness, education, health, and play for the children. The information is illustrated in various media such as audio, video and print. The song writer intended it for elementary school. The method used, and the format depicts the experience of young children. This is a class of children who cannot comprehend complex subject or learning methods and, therefore, rely on simple repetitive songs and poems. Their proficiency is very minimal because they are at the beginners’ level of training. The type that fits this style of study is between 3 to 5 years. This is evident in the repetitive style of the song. Additionally, the themes reveal the audience to be people in their first stages of life. They are taught the essential activities like washing themselves, going to school, playing, cleanliness, and sleeping time. These are important topics in children in the above age bracket because they help in their physical and cognitive development. According to

The First World War Satire Essay Example for Free

The First World War Satire Essay How does Blackadder Goes Forth satirize the First World War and how does it fit into the situation comedy genre as a whole? A situation comedy, or a sit-com, is a comedy series projected from radio or television. The programme itself is based upon how characters react to unusual or comic situations. Situation comedies follow specific characters that encounter situations and then they try and deal with them. In each episode of a situation comedy, the story follows the same characters. Most situation comedies are set in a specific place that forms the set for every episode. A flat is commonly used in situation comedies for the set. Popular examples of flat share situation comedies are Only Fools and Horses and Friends. These two sit-coms are extremely popular, and both are set in a flat. Situation comedies used to form gaps in between more important shows. This was soon changed as the demand for sit-coms massively grew. They are now one of the most dominant television genres around. Blackadder is a situation comedy. It is a most unusual sit-com as in each series the scene is based on a different timeline. Blackadder has been through Elizabethan times, many other timelines and important historical times, and then ends up with the final series in World War One. Most other sit-coms dont do this instead each of their different series is set on the same timeline and in the same place. This is one of the points that make Blackadder different, as in each series the eager watchers dont know what to expect. Blackadder goes forth is also different from the usual sit-com as it is the same situation every episode. The majority of sit-coms dont do this, instead they are based in the same place, but with a different humorous situation with which the characters have to deal with. In Blackadder Goes Forth the situation is exactly the same just the characters deal with it differently. The situation is that Blackadder himself is trying to escape and relieve himself of the hideous atrocities of the First World War. Of course like in any other sit-com, things go very wrong for him and comic experiences pop up along the way. Altogether Blackadder fits into the situation comedy genre in a sense, as it is a sit-com, but is totally different from the majority of other sit-coms. Blackadder has a different story every episode, involves the same characters in every episode, and takes place in the same place in every episode. The differences of Blackadder to the mainstream of sit-coms are shown obviously. This is shown in many ways; one is that Blackadder is set in different historical time in each different series. This attracts viewers to watch Blackadder, because they want to see something new rather than the usual flat share show with people shouting bawdy jokes. This is why the producers of Blackadder have made the show different from the usual sit-com. Another reason why Blackadder is different from most sit-coms is that the situation is the same in every episode of Blackadder. Nearly every other sit-com has different situations and different ways in which the characters tackle these situations. Blackadder Goes Forth doesnt. The situation is of Blackadder trying to escape the war in any way he can. He tries lots of different approaches to deal with his problem, but every episode he fails. This becomes very amusing as no matter how hard he tries; he just cant get out of fighting in the war. Another very important feature in Blackadder that is dissimilar to other sit-coms is the way that even though the scene is set on a historical time scale, Blackadder still has 20th Century views. All the other characters in the whole programme have views of life that relate to the time scale that they are set in, while Blackadder has views of life that we would. This is what makes Blackadder so hilarious to us, as we can relate to precisely what Blackadder is saying and thinking, while all the other characters in the play are trapped in that time zone with historical thoughts, Blackadder makes fun of all the stupid things that happened within that time zone and has the same views and points to express as we do. The one other reason why Blackadder Goes Forth doesnt fit well into the genre of situation comedies is that Blackadder uses satirical comments and elements throughout the programmes. This makes the programme extremely funny, but also makes a point in which we can understand and learn from. Satire is using humour or exaggeration to show what it is bad about a person or thing. Blackadder uses this strongly in all of its episodes in all of its series. Blackadder: Well George, I strongly suspect your long wait for certain death is nearly at an end This is portraying the scene that everyone who wanted action in the war is going to be sent to his or her deaths. The reason why the produces of Blackadder decided to make different historical time scales for their series was possibly so they could use satire to make a point about those different time lines. With Blackadder using satire in this way it gives viewers the humour and hilarity that we get and love from all sit-coms, but also spreading a point across the country about how bad those situations were and how badly our ancestors handled them. So the reason why Blackadder is a funny character is because he is the only sane man and fools surround him. This makes us learn from mistakes that have happened in the past but also provides us with the amusement that we want when we watch a sit-com. Satirical elements are present in Blackadder, even in the title sequence at the start of each episode. There are many satirical elements in the title sequence; the first one being the two rows of five men marching after a sergeant majors command. The first row of soldiers is bandsmen wearing the traditional red colours of the English army. The second row of soldiers is armed forces, wearing the up-to-date camouflage green. This is satirizing the tactics of the British army. The way in which Blackadder does this is by having the bandsmen in red marching in front of the armed forces, it symbolizes that the bandsmen are more important. It shows that playing instruments and wearing smart colours and clothes into battle is more important then staying undetected with camouflage and looking scruffy. This satirizes British tactics and approach to war. It also shows that the British army is out of date, as fighting in bright colours was a thing of the past, showing that the commanders were just old forgotten war heroes who needed to be slapped up-to-date if they wanted to keep their men alive. It also satirizes the fact that blood is to come for those soldiers are behind. The blood red of the bandsmen shirts marching in front of the armed forces means that blood is to come for them and pour from their bullet stricken bodies. There is a character in Blackadder Goes Forth, named baldrick. In the title sequence he is out of place in the band and is franticly running around to find his place. Baldrick is a private in the army. This satirizes the privates as being stupid and out of place fighting in such a war. Also that Baldrick is in the band, and not in the armed forces row like he should be satirizes that he is out of place in the army, and will do more good playing a triangle in a parade. As baldrick is out of place, there is still no place for him in the ranks of men as both are of equal numbers and there is no more room for him. This emphases the point even more that the dim privates are out of place in the war, and they shouldnt be put there, as they dont understand it. How can a man be expected to shoot if he cant even find a place in a band? This is the satirizing point that Blackadder is making when the character baldrick is out of position. Also in the title sequence General Melchett and Captain Darling are standing atop a podium watching the soldiers march. General Melchett is wearing cavalry clothes. This satirizes the generals in the war by showing that they are out of touch and out of date with the tactics of war. They still think that cavalry are the best option to winning a battle, but now that machine guns have been invented cavalry are useless. Yet the generals do not know this, and assume that old tactics are good, but they arent. Captain Darling is cowering behind the General. This satirizes the Captains in the war. This shows that they were cowards and used the Generals as protection to stop them having to fight. Further on in the title sequence Lieutenant George is smiling in a childish way as he marches forwards. This is satirizing the pompous Lieutenants. Showing that they believe that war is just a game, and they should enjoy every minute off it. This is of course the wrong attitude to take to war, as you killed be obliterated any second. Aside from the title sequence, the whole programme contains satirical elements throughout its course, one of these being the living conditions of the soldiers shown in the programme. Blackadder opens up the programme of the last ever episode of Blackadder goes forth with: Hullo, Somme Public Baths. No running, shouting or piddling in the shallow end. Aside from this being droll, it also makes a great satirical point on how the living conditions of the soldiers actually were. The soldiers were caked in mud up to their elbows and sopping wet with the continuous moral beating rain. It satirizes how bad the living conditions really were by basically saying it was wet, and the rain was the least of the soldiers problems at that time. Private baldrick explains that the coffee that all the soldiers have been drinking for months is actually hot mud. He also describes what each of the elements of the coffee is. He states that the milk is saliva, the sugar is dandruff and although he doesnt state what the chocolate sprinklings are, he gives us a very good idea of what they could be! All this satirizes the living conditions of the poor soldiers that had to live in here day in and day out. They were soaked in rain, encrusted in mud, and drinking hot mire with all manner of things inside, but worst of all being pounded by shells all day long. Blackadder Goes Forth also satirizes everyones attitudes to war. Starting with the Generals, they had the worst attitude towards war. As the Generals were not in the trenches and not experiencing the horrors of war, they had no idea what it was like. The generals still thought war was what it used to be, fighting against unarmed enemies that cant win the fight. As general Melchett explains, That pigmy woman with the sharpened mango could have seriously Apart from this being comical, it has a real satirizing point to it. The old wars in which the English used to fight were against aborigines with no weapons other than maybe a spear. The English couldnt really loose a battle against such little an opposition, and from that day they thought they could win any battle that faced them, as they were full of themselves over their glorious victories. This is the attitude that the generals still possessed when commanding in World War One, especially in the Somme area that Blackadder goes forth is set. It satirizes the generals lack of understanding of modern warfare, and shows how they believe they will always win. In the episode Goodbyeee, Field Marshall Haig is playing with toy soldiers. This is satirizing the generals perspective of warfare, and apart from it being hilarious it proves just what the generals were like. They thought that war was a game and that it didnt matter who won or lost. This is shown as Haig knocks over a handful of the plastic soldiers on his model battlefield. Blackadder himself satirizes the advance and progress the army has made while at war, Weve advanced as far as an asthmatic ant with heavy shopping. Apart from this being droll, it satirizes how far the army progresses with such stupid and out of date tactics and childish generals. This relates highly to World War One as the army progressed about a few inches a year, as the generals just didnt know what to do. Another main thing that is satirized is the ranks of different troops. With the generals, they thought that war was just a game. This is shown and satirized in Blackadder by the way the general plays with toy soldiers. He used this as his tactics, moving individual toys and then knocking them over in one fell swoop. This actually shows that he expected his men to die, but sent them in regardless of the consequences, as he was bored of sitting in one place for a long period of time. Being incredibly child-like satirizes the lieutenants. This is shown in the character George. He is satirizing the pompous upper-class lieutenant. He always has a silly grin on his face and relates everything that happens in the war to a well know game of some sort. He even states that he played tiddly winks when signing up to volunteer for the war. He makes such remarks as by saying, we ducked and we dived. This is satirizing views of many soldiers in the war, as they just didnt have a clue about what it was really like. They just thought it was like participating in a sport match, and whatever the outcome, no one would get hurt, but how wrong they were. The other rank that is displayed and satirized in Blackadder is the private. Baldrick plays this role, and acts as the dim private, which is exactly what he is. He is always one step behind everyone else, in the mental way, and in the literal way. As in the title sequence he is behind everyone, and in the speeches he is behind everyone. He is satirizing the low-class dim private. At the end of the last episode Goodbyeee, just before they are about to go over the top, baldrick is more concerned about getting a splinter while climbing the ladder then getting mowed down in a hail of lead by a machine gun. This is because he doesnt understand what is going on. This is satirizing the fact that the dim people shouldnt be there, because if they dont understand what they are doing, how can they possibly fight? Captain Blackadder plays the other rank. He is the only commonsensical man in the whole warfare situation. This is how Blackadder is made funny, as he satirizes everything around him and makes fun of everything. He shares our views of the war, and tries in vain to get out of fighting just as we would, but to no amend, as the generals cant understand why he would possibly not want to go out and fight. This satirizes the generals lack of understanding. Fools surround Blackadder, this satirizes that everyone fighting was a fool, and with such stupid people everywhere, how can they win the war. It also satirizes that no one understands the war, no matter how clever or how high rank. And that everyone is as stupid as the private as they have no idea to fight a war more than he does. The equipment is the last thing that is satirized. This is done by the sticks that the higher ranking officers hold. These sticks do nothing at all. I wouldnt want to face a machine gun without one of these George explains to Blackadder. This is satirizing the fact that some of the equipment had no purpose, and some of the people didnt have a clue what a machine gun could actually do to you.

Essay on Shakespeares Sources for A Midsummer Nights Dream

Shakespeare's Sources for A Midsummer Night's Dream  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Midsummer Night's Dream is one of Shakespeare's most-performed plays: a delightful comedy, but full of enough potential tragedy to avoid becoming saccharine. Much of that tragic possibility comes from Shakespeare's sources, as he directly acknowledges in Act V. The entertainments Philostrate proposes, all stories taken from Ovid's Metamorphoses, show the unhappy endings all too likely to spring from tales like that of the four lovers of Shakespeare's play, or the strife-torn fairy rulers. "The battle with the Centaurs, to be sung / By an Athenian eunuch with the harp" (V.i.44-5) is the first of Philostrate's suggestions, and the most blatant. Centaurs are almost an epitome of the dangerous fairy-world that underlies so much of Shakespeare's play: half-man, half-beast, they recall Bottom's similar, albeit more humorous, condition. Lust and jealousy cause the undoing of the marriage feast, for the Centaurs' theft of women provokes a battle. Thanks to the fairy intervention, all in Shakespeare's play are happy with their spouses: but how might the wedding have been marred if Demetrius and Lysander both still loved Hermia? "These are the forgeries of jealousy" (II.i.81) cries Titania to Oberon, and their contention, likewise a result of lust and jealousy and unbridled nature, luckily enters the play only peripherally. Theseus' law, and fairy medicine, overrules the lusty, animal side of love and prevents such violence from marring, indeed unmaking, the comedy. "The riot of the tipsy Bacchanals, / Tearing the Thracian singer [Orpheus] in their rage" (V.i.48-9) is an alternate selection, but one just as significant. "The mad Ciconian women" (p.259) cry "There is ... ... scene. The meta-drama overcomes the actual play, and what was tragic becomes "tragical mirth," what was a dire warning to heed society's laws or fear the consequences is a gross entertainment and slapstick. Theseus' laws have overcome the bloody, passionate side of love: the man himself appears to have ceased his earlier, youthful amours to settle down with a wife, Hippolyta, vigorous enough to match his own martial nature. Indeed, he discounts the entertainments as those which he has already heard or told -- they are old news to him, settled affairs, and he needs hear of them no more. The only reason "Pyramus and Thisbe" receives a hearing is its odd synopsis -- and equally odd presentation! Shakespeare shows the alternate endings his play could all too easily have taken, to make us relish all the more the happy solution he and the characters have found.   

Policy Framework Development

Introduction In this essay, I will discuss the welfare state since World War II and how it has impacted society in England and Wales. In addition, I will discuss the importance of social policy, how it was developed and the four most frequently used approaches. The ideas behind these approaches will be explained and some examples of such policies in different fields will be provided. Overall, evidence will be provided on how social policy became educational discipline in its own right. The origins of the National Health Service One of the most drastic social policies put into action in England and Wales has been the implementation of free medical treatment for all, through the National Health Service. According to Alcock (2008), illness was very common and health care expensive before the National Health Service (NHS) came into existence in 1948. Poor housing, overcrowding, poor sanitation, malnutrition and lack of education were common, enabling the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Life expectancy was considerably lower, at a mere 60 years. During the 19th century, health care was provided through the workhouse, or municipal and voluntary hospitals. The rich were often treated in their own homes or in a private practice. A lady Almoner was responsible for carrying out a means test, which determined who got medical treatment, she was also responsible for approaching charities for funding. (Alcock, 2008) The ideology behind the development of the NHS was to put an end to ignorance, squalor , disease and poverty, by ensuring health care was available to all. This included free treatments for all, a family benefit scheme and full employment. Although some saw it as a politically risky move, Prime Minister Churchill gave his full backing for the NHS in 1943, thus starting the reform towards free health care. As Bochel reports: â€Å"During 1944, White Paper proposing a national health service, and the election of a Labour Government in 1945 made the establishment of a NHS almost certain. The necessary legislation was passed in the 1946 National Health Service Act.† (Bochel, 2009, p. 332). Finally, the NHS became a reality on July 5th 1948. It was an enormous achievement but due to the significant investment in time, money and resources, it was not met without opposition- this was a time when there were food and fuel shortages, as well as a dollar economic crisis. However, the general public wanted the new service to succeed, and as such Britain became the first country in Western Europe to offer free medical service, funded through the general taxation system. According to Bevan: â€Å"It was based on three core principles which include; it meets the needs of everyone, to be free at the point of delivery and it to be based on clinical needs, not ability to pay.† (National Health Service History, 2012). These core principles have remained the same since the creation of the NHS (Bochel, 2009,p. 332). However, free health care as provided by the NHS proved to be very expensive, with the drug bill increasing from ?13 million to ?41 million within the first two years of its creation. Additionally, as medicine progressed as a science, new technologies and methods increased the cost of the NHS from ?200 million to ?300 million. The provision of free health care for all led to excess demand, adding pressure to the already limited medical resources. The Government was reluctant to cover the excess cost, as it needed to invest in other sectors, such as education. As a result, charges for certain services, such as spectacles and dentures, as well as for prescriptions were implemented (Alcock2008). Neo-liberal ideology and the NHS In 1979, when the NHS had been in place for several decades, a Neo Liberal Government was elected, with little sympathy for the state provision of welfare and the high level of expenditure associated with it (Bochel, 2009, p. 332). Neo-liberal ideology supports the reorganization of the financial and organizational aspects of healthcare services worldwide, based on the argument that the then-existing health systems had failed. According to the recommendation report in 1983, four major problems of health systems globally were: i) misallocation of resources; ii) inequity of accessing care; iii) inefficiency; and iv) exploding costs. It was claimed that government hospitals and clinics were often inefficient, suffering from highly centralised decision-making, wide fluctuations in allocations, and poor motivation of workers (Alcock, 2008). Quality of care was also low, patient waiting times were long and medical consultations were short, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment were comm on. Also, the public sector had suffered from serious shortages of medical drugs and equipment, and the purchasing of brand-name pharmaceuticals instead of generic drugs was one of the main reasons for wasting the money spent on health (Navarro, 2007). Private providers were more technically efficient and offer a service that was perceived to be of higher quality. Neo-liberal policies Examples of policies implemented by the Neo-Liberal Government were those based on cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness was presented as the main tool for choosing among possible health interventions for specific health problems. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were used to measure the burden of disease and thus allowing comparisons between specific health problems. Greater reliance on the private sector to deliver clinical services was encouraged, with the expectation that it would raise efficiency. It was suggested that Governments should privatise the healthcare services, by selling the public goods and services, buying the services from the private sector, and supporting the private sector with subsidies. In order to increase efficiency, unnecessary legal and administrative barriers faced by private doctors and pharmacies would need to be removed. Neoliberal policies in healthcare were heavily criticised as they reportedly misdiagnosed the problems and its treatment, lea ding to a situation worse than it was before the policies were implemented. Shrinking from welfare state to minimum liberal state, retreating from most of the public services and letting the area to irrationality of market dynamics is making pharmaceutical, medical technology, insurance, and law companies the lead actors. It has been claimed that a system providing services according ability-to-pay rather than healthcare need, ensures decreased availability and accessibility to services† (Danis et al., 2008; Janes et al., 2006; Unger et al, 2008). New Labour and the NHS In 1997, the New Labour Government was elected, with a main focus to make a significant improvement on peoples’ health. This was expected to be done by rebuilding the health services within the NHS through â€Å"decentralizing of power and decision-making to local health trusts†. Decentralising was important in order to achieve increased responsiveness to local health needs by widening patient choice, and promoting organizational efficiency. The underlying premise was that decentralization would shorten the bureaucratic hierarchical structure and allow flexibility for local trust managers and health professionals- thus improving organizational performance from the ‘bottom-up’ (Crinson, 2009 :p 139). In 1997 the Government put forward its plans in the White Paper: â€Å"The New NHS: Modern, Dependable† (Blakemore 2003:p 172). The objective was to reduce bureaucratic control from the centre and restore autonomy to health professionals within the NHS. A t the same time, the Government was determined to limit public expenditure by looking at what was already put in place by the previous government. One of the new Labour objectives was to reduce the number of people on the treatment waiting list by offering patients greater choice of provider at the point of inpatient referral. This was put in place from January 2006 onwards, where patients have been offered a choice of at least four hospitals when referred for treatment by their general practitioner. In addition, a new inpatient booking system was put in place, where patients themselves could book their place and time of treatment (Adam, 2006). In 1998, health inequality targets were included in the public service agreements with local government and cross-department machinery was created to follow up a ‘Programme of Actions’, which had the general aim to reduce inequality in terms of life expectancy at birth, and to reduce the infant mortality rate by 10 per cent by 20 10 (Glennerster, 2007 : p 253). Examples of health care policies implemented by New Labour are: Maximum waiting times for in-patient treatment: six months by 2005 and three months by 2008; Patients able to see a primary care practitioner within twenty-four hours and a GP within forty- eight hours; Maximum waiting time of four-hours in emergency rooms; Plans to improve cancer treatment and health inequalities. In addition, in order to improve efficiency, two bodies were set up to give advice and push for more consistent and effective clinical standards in determining the cost of new drugs and procedures. This was the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (Glennerster,2007 : p 250). However, as argued by Peckham and colleagues (year?), the decentralization of the NHS had mixed results. They note that the process of decentralization was not clear and that there were contradictions, reflecting a simultaneous process of centralization and decentralization, in which local perf ormance indicators were centrally-set. If achieved, this resulted in increased financial and managerial autonomy. However, there was some supportive evidence that decentralization had improved patients’ health outcome, as well as improved efficiency in coordination and communication processes (Crinson, 2009 : p 140). The Government at the time met its target for treatment waiting lists by 2000- the number of people on the waiting list had fallen by 150,000. However, one main criticism came from the doctors, nurses and other health professionals where they were the ones dealing with prioritizing patients based on medical need, whilst having to explain to other anxious and angry patients why their treatment is delayed (Crinson, 2009). Coalition Government and the NHS In 2010, the newly established Coalition Government published the NHS White Paper ‘Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS policy’, prepared by the Department of Health. This policy included important changes compared to those proposed by the previous Government, and reflected the aims of the Coalition’s five year plan. Some of the proposed changes include: i) responsibility for commissioning of NHS services shifted to GPs, as the Primary Care Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities were dissolved, and ii) Foundation Trust status granted to all hospitals, ensuring increased autonomy and decision-making power. These reforms were part of the Coalition’s broader goal to give more power to local communities and empower GPs. By way of estimation, it is expected that this cost to about 45% for the NHS management. Strengthening of the NHS Foundation Trusts in order for these Trusts to provide financial regulation for all NHS services was another objective of the reform. An independent NHS board was set up, with the aim to lead and oversee specialised care and GP commissioning respectively. The objectives behind the Coalition Government’s plans was to increase health spending in real terms for each year of Parliament, with full awareness that this would impact the spending in other areas. The Coalition Government still maintained Beverage idea that all health care should be free and available to everybody at the point of delivery, instead of based on the ability to pay. It was expected that this approach would improve standards, support professional responsibility, deliver better value for money and as such create a healthier nation. Although the Prime Minister rectified it in his speech, the Government failed to provide a clear account of the shortcomings of the NHS and its challenges. The preparation of the White Paper, which was to pass the coalition committee’s examination, saw more compromises. The elimination of PCTs was not foretold but the conservatives would make PCTs remain as the statutory commissioning authority responsible for public health despite their commitment to devolving real budgets to GPs. It was rumoured that the Liberal Democrats policy of elected representatives to PCTs appear weak. The compromise was to give greater responsibility for public health to local authorities and eliminate PCTs. This resulted in the formation of the GP commissioning consortia and the Health and Wellbeing Boards. Despite concerns raised by stakeholders, the proposals saw just a few changes. Maybe we can call it a missed chance in retrospect. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be argued that without the NHS coming to force when it did at such a dire time after the Second World War, the already high mortality rates would have continued to rise. The NHS was vital in changing peoples’ lives in England and Wales and around the world. The system was designed meet everyone needs, regardless of financial abilities and without discrimination. Many changes have taken place since the birth of the NHS in 1948. Four different Governments adapted the NHS with their policies and legislation. However, throughout its evolution, the NHS still provides healthcare free of charge, as was intended from its conception. References Alcock, (2008). Social Policy in Britain. 3rd ed.Basingstoke: Palgrace Macmillan Alexion Pharma (2010). Politics and Policy [Online] www. [email protected] Available From: http://www.pnh-alliance.org.uk/politics-and-policy/the-department-of-health-publishes-equity-and-excellence-liberating-the-nhs. [Accessed on: 06 Nov. 12] Blakemore, K (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Open University Press. Blakemore, K, Griggs, E. (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 3nd ed.England: Open University Press. Bochel, H., Bochel, C., Page, R., Sykes, R. (2009). Social Policy Themes, Issues and Debates. 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. Crinson, I. (2009) Health Policy a critical perspective. London: Sage Publication Ltd. Glennerster, H. (2007). British Social Policy. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Danis, M.Z., Karatas, K., Sahin, M.C. (2008). Reflections of neoliberal policies on healthcare field and social work practices. World Applied Sciences Journal, 5(2), 224-235. Ezeonu, I. (2008). Crimes of globalization: health care, HIV and the poverty of neoliberalism in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 1(2), 113-134. Hospital Stories from Hell: National Health Videos (1998) [DVD] London: Channel 4. Recorded off –air 19/03/1998 Macara, S. ( 1998). Nursing Studies. BBC News: True to its principles [Online]. Available from: NHS Choices. Moonie N. (2003). Health and Social Care. Series ed. Oxford: Heine Educational Publisher. Navarro, V. (2007). Neoliberalism as a class ideology; or, the political causes of the growth of inequalities. Int J Health Serv, 37(1), 47-62. NHS. ( 2012). Nursing Studies. About the NHS: NHS core principles [Online]. Available from: NHS Choices. Oliver, Adam. â€Å"Further progress towards reducing waiting times†. Health Policy Monitor, April 2006. Available at http://www.hpm.org/survey/uk/a7/1 . [Accessed on: 14 Nov. 12] Pennies from Bevan: National Health Videos (1998) [DVD] London: Chanel 4. Recorded off –air 14/06/1998 Rivett, G (2012). Nursing Studies, National Health Service History. [Online]. Available from: http://www. NHS history.net [Accessed 06 March 2012). Socialist Health (2010). Coalition Health Policy 2010 [Online] http://www.sochealth.co.uk. Available From: http://www.sochealth.co.uk/campaigns/health-and-social-care-bill-2012/coalition-health-policy-2010/. [Accessed on: 06 Nov.12] Viveash, B, Senior, M. (1998). Health and Illness. London: Macmillan Press.

Probability of Randomly Choosing a Prime Number

Number theory is a branch of mathematics  that concerns itself with the set of integers. We restrict ourselves somewhat by doing this as we do not directly study other numbers, such as irrationals. However, other types of real numbers are used. In addition to this, the subject of probability has many connections and intersections with number theory. One of these connections has to do with the distribution of prime numbers. More specifically we may ask, what is the probability that a randomly chosen integer from 1 to x is a prime number? Assumptions and Definitions As with any mathematics problem, it is important to understand not only what assumptions are being made, but also the definitions of all of the key terms in the problem. For this problem we are considering the positive integers, meaning the whole numbers 1, 2, 3, . . . up to some number x. We are randomly choosing one of these numbers, meaning that all x of them are equally likely to be chosen. We are trying to determine the probability that a prime number is chosen. Thus we need to understand the definition of a prime number. A prime number is a positive integer that has exactly two factors. This means that the only divisors of prime numbers are one and the number itself. So 2,3 and 5 are primes, but 4, 8 and 12 are not prime. We note that because there must be two factors in a prime number, the number 1 is not prime. Solution  for Low Numbers The solution to this problem is straightforward for low numbers x. All that we need to do is simply count the numbers of primes that are less than or equal to x. We divide the number of primes less than or equal to x by the number x. For example, to find the probability that a prime is selected from 1 to 10 requires us to divide the number of primes from 1 to 10 by 10. The numbers 2, 3, 5, 7 are prime, so the probability that a prime is selected is 4/10 40%. The probability that a prime is selected from 1 to 50 can be found in a similar way. The primes that are less than 50 are: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43 and 47. There are 15 primes less than or equal to 50. Thus the probability that a prime is selected at random is 15/50 30%. This process can be carried out by simply counting primes as long as we have a list of primes. For example, there are 25 primes less than or equal to 100. (Thus the probability that a randomly chosen number from 1 to 100 is prime is 25/100 25%.) However, if we do not have a list of primes, it could be computationally daunting to determine the set of prime numbers that are less than or equal to a given number x. The Prime Number Theorem If you do not have a count of the number of primes that are less than or equal to x, then there is an alternate way to solve this problem. The solution involves a mathematical result known as the prime number theorem. This is a statement about the overall distribution of the primes and can be used to approximate the probability that we are trying to determine. The prime number theorem states that there are approximately x / ln(x) prime numbers that are less than or equal to x. Here ln(x) denotes the natural logarithm of x, or in other words the logarithm with a base of the number e. As the value of x increases the approximation improves, in the sense that we see a decrease in the relative error between the number of primes less than x and the expression x / ln(x). Application of the Prime Number Theorem We can use the result of the prime number theorem to solve the problem we are trying to address. We know by the prime number theorem that there are approximately x / ln(x) prime numbers that are less than or equal to x. Furthermore, there are a total of x positive integers less than or equal to x. Therefore the probability that a randomly selected number in this range is prime is (x / ln(x) ) /x 1 / ln(x). Example We can now use this result to approximate the probability of randomly selecting a prime number out of the first billion integers. We calculate the natural logarithm of a billion and see that ln(1,000,000,000) is approximately 20.7 and 1/ln(1,000,000,000) is approximately 0.0483. Thus we have about a 4.83% probability of randomly choosing a prime number out of the first billion integers.