Biomedical And Biopsychosocial Health Models Health And Social Care Essay

Bio wellness check And Biopsycho loving wellness Models Health And Social C ar EssayThe medical exam sit of wellness is a negative one that is, that wellness is fundamentally the absence of affection. Despite reck slight attempts by bodies such(prenominal) as the do master(prenominal) Health Organisation (WHO) to moot for a definition of health as a state of terminate material, mental and social well-being, and non merely the absence of disease or infirmity, most medically related thought the Great Compromiser concerned with disease and illness.-The main point of this standard of disease is that it attempts to uncoer inherent diseased processes and their dieicular effects.-The pathologically ground and causally specific medical archetype became change magnitudely dominant. In the medical model of disease, tuberculosis is defined as a disease of bodily organs following exposure to the tuberosity bacillus. The development of the illness views symptoms such as c oughing, haemoptysis (coughing up short letter), pitch loss and fever. In this model the underlying ca usance of the illness is the bacillus, and its elimination from the body (through anti-tubercular drugs) is aimed to restore the body to health.-In the case of tuberculosis, the symptoms described above argon also found in other diseases, and this problem of linking symptoms to specific underlying mechanisms frustrated medical development.-Today, these ar often referred to as forms of complementary medical specialty herbalism and homeopathy, for example that treat symptoms holistically solely do non rest on the idea of underlying, specific pathological disease mechanisms.-The medical model was essentially separateistic in orientation and, unlike earlier approaches, paid less attention to the affected roles social situation or the wider environment. This narrowing of focus (towards the upcountry workings of the body, and then to cellular and sub-cellular levels), led to some gains in apprehensiveness and treatment, especially after 1941, when penicillin was introduced, and the era of antibiotics began. But it was also accompanied by the development of what Lawrence calls a bounded medical affair, that could pronounce widely on health matters and could act with increasing power and autonomy. Doctors immediately claimed exclusive legal power ( mandate) over health and illness, with the warrant of the medical model of disease as their support.This situation meant that modern citizens were increasingly encouraged to see their health as an individual matter, and their health problems as in need of the attention of a remediate. It is this which Foucault (1973) saw as constituting the medical gaze which focused on the individual and on processes going on inside the body its volumes and spaces. Wider influences on health, such as circumstances at work or in the house servant sphere, were of less interest to the modern doctor. This gaze (extended in due frighter to health-related behaviours) underpinned the development of the modern doctor-patient relationship, in which all authority over health matters was seen to reside in the doctors expertise and skill, especially as shown in diagnosis. This meant that the patients pot of illness and alternative approaches to health were excluded from serious consideration. Indeed, the patients view was seen as filthy the diagnostic process, and it was repair if the patient occupied solely a non appendageal role. It is for this reason that the medical model of disease has been regarded critically in many sociological postings. The power of the medical model and the power of the medical profession shed been seen to serve the interests of medical dominance rather than patients needs (Freidson 1970/1988, 2001) and to maneuver attention away from the wider determinants of health. However, before we proceed, two caveats need to be entered. Whilst medicine in the last 20 years has contin ued to focus on processes in the individual body, such as the chemistry of the brain or the role of genes in relation to specific diseases, the current context is clearly different from that which existed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Today, in countries such as the UK and the USA, infectious diseases ar of far less importance as threats to human beings health.The biopsychosocial model in medical research the evolution of the health idea over the last two decades1. aditThe traditional biomedical trope has its roots in the Cartesian ingredient between mind and body, and considers disease primarily as a topic of injury, infection, hereditary pattern and the like. Although this model has been extraordinarily productive for medicine, its reductionistic character prevents it from becomingly accounting for all relevant medical aspects of health and illness 1 and 2. One of the most criticised consequences of adopting the biomedical model is a partial definition of t he supposition of health. If disease consists only of somatic pathology-or, much strictly and according to the influential work of Virchow 3, cellular pathology-health must be the state in which somatic signs and symptoms atomic number 18 not present. According to this view, the World Health Organization defined health simply as the absence of disease 4.In his classic papers, Engel 1 and 5 explicitly warned of a crisis in the biomedical paradigm and conceptualised a new model which regards social and psychological aspects as giving a breach understanding of the illness process 6. In recent years, the so-called biopsychosocial model has found broad acceptance in some academic and institutional domains, such as health fostering, health psychology, overt health or preventive medicine, and even in public opinion. It is right off generally accepted that illness and health are the result of an interaction between biological, psychological and social factors 7, 8 and 9. much aut hors now entangle mental and social aspects in their definitions of health 10, 11, 12 and 13.It cogency be expected that, in the two decades since Engels call for a biopsychosocial framework, the concept of health implying social and psychological components would also have extended to applicative contexts. The purpose of the present study is to find emerge whether and to what extent the biopsychosocial concept of health has spread among medical researchers.4. Discussion and conclusionsIn western culture, at least since the advent of Cartesian dualism, medicine has used a mechanistic approach to human nature and has centred its interest around illness and its signs.-The main reason for the stroke of psychological and social measures in the reports examined lies in the serene deep-rooted dominance of the biomedical model which, despite the criticism of its reductionism, remains useful and settle down enables advances in medicine. This dominance has surely been reinforced in re cent years because of the push of genetic research and therapies. Perhaps, holistic and biological-reductionistic models should not compete but try to coexist, as two different but not necessarily incompatible possibilities for approaching health questions. The result would be, however, a reduction of biomedical terrain. First, clinical and health psychology have exhibit their capacity to explain and treat many somatic symptoms. Second, some holistic medical models-such as Traditional Chinese Medicine or Hannemans homeopathy-are gaining prime because of patients who do not find satisfactory solutions in biomedical financial aid. Third, biomedical cope implies enormous and rapidly- go costs that are beginning to exceed the compute of the health care systems.4.2. Practice implicationsThe biopsychosocial model has been successfully applied to hold back a better understanding of the disease processes and their causes 18, and also for public health purposes 19 and 20, or to improve physician-patient relations 21 and 22, but medical practitioners are still reluctant to incorporate it into treatment plans 16. Holistic approaches remain till now restricted to chronic illness management 23, which is the field of medical care where regaining health, in a biomedical sense, is not the main goal.For the medical practitioner, the difficulties attached to the change from a biomedical to a biopsychosocial model of health can be well understood. First, this change necessarily implies taking into account a much wider spectrum of the factors influencing health and the healing process, which in turn enquires great knowledge and time investment. Second, the new paradigm implies a new appearance of the patient-doctor relationship, a style which enables, among other things, the doctors attention to the patients psychosocial circumstances, in order to better manage his or her situation, and not only his or her illness. Undoubtedly, this kind of interaction requires a greater effort from practitioners, but also from the health care systems, which should provide the necessary context and resources for it, such as communication skills training, adequate settings, or enough personnel.Despite these hindrances, which will plausibly continue to damp the biopsychosocial model to a secondary place in medical practice, the turnout of the doctors perspective to encompass psychological and social aspects would be really full for the patient, since as Engel 24 lucidly pointed out, even though both patient and doctor whitethorn culturally adhere to the biomedical model, the patients needs and ultimate criteria are always psychosocial.What Is the Biomedical Model? (wise geec)The biomedical model is a suppositious framework of illness that excludes psychological and social factors. Followers of this model alternatively focus only on biological factors such as bacteria or genetics. For example, when diagnosing an illness, most doctors do not first train for a psy chological or social history of the patient. The biomedical model is considered to be the dominant modern model of disease.According to this model, good health is the rationalizedom from pain, disease or defect. It focuses on physical processes that affect health, such as the biochemistry, physiology and pathology of diseases. It does not take social or psychological factors into account.The biomedical model is often referred to in contrast with the biopsychosocial model. In 1977, George L. Engel published an expression in the well-known journal Science that questioned the dominance of the biomedical model. He proposed the need for a new model that was more holistic. Although the biomedical model has remained the dominant model since that time, many fields, including medicine, nursing, sociology and psychology, use the biopsychosocial model at times. In recent years, some professionals have even begun to adopt a biopsychosocial-spiritual model, insistence that spiritual factors m ust be considered as well.Proponents of the biopsychosocial model air at biological factors when assessing and treating patients, just like users of the dominant model do. They also look at other areas of patients lives, however. Psychological factors include mood, intelligence, memory and perceptions. Sociological factors include friends, family, social class and environment. Those who examine spiritual factors also assess patients based on their beliefs about life and the possibility of a higher power.Scholars in hinderance studies describe a medical model of disability that is part of the general biomedical model. In this medical model, disability is an entirely physical occurrence. According to the medical model, being disabled is negative and can only be brand name better if the disability is cured and the person is made normal.Many disability rights advocates describe a social model of disability, which they prefer. This social model opposes the medical model. In the social model, disability is a passing neither good nor bad. Proponents of the social model see disability as a cultural construct. They point out that a persons live of disability can decrease through environmental or societal changes, without the hitch of a professional and without the disability being cured.Explain the main determinants of health age, sex and hereditary factors, lifestyle, housing, social class etc.The determinants of healthIntroductionMany factors combine together to affect the health of individuals and communities. Whether deal are healthy or not, is limitd by their circumstances and environment. To a long extent, factors such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and our relationships with friends and family all have spacious equals on health, whereas the more commonly considered factors such as access and use of health care operate often have less of an impact.The determinants of health includethe social and economic environment,the physical environment, andthe persons individual characteristics and behaviours.The context of pluralitys lives determine their health, and so blaming individuals for having poor health or crediting them for good health is inappropriate. Individuals are unlikely to be able to directly control many of the determinants of health. These determinants-or things that make wad healthy or not-include the above factors, and many othersIncome and social attitude higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest pack, the greater the differences in health.Education low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress and lower self-confidence. sensible environment safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roadstead all contribute to good health. Employment and working conditions people in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditionsSocial support networks greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health. Culture customs and traditions, and the beliefs of the family and community all affect health.Genetics inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of maturation certain illnesses. Personal behaviour and coping skills balanced eating, have goting active, smoking, drinking, and how we have with lifes stresses and challenges all affect health.Health serve access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences healthGender Men and women adjoin from different types of diseases at different ages.Success of NHS was also its Achilles heel demand affixdThe scale and nature of the problemIncidents involving incorrect medication dosageIncidents involving the use of technical proceduresA number of women became pregnant following failure of earlier sterilisations which had been carried out by lapar oscope (keyhole surgery). The surgeon had attached the sterilisation clips to the abuse part of the Fallopian tube.Incidents involving failures in communicationA man admitted to hospital for an arthroscopy (an explorative operation) on his knees had a previous history of thrombosis (blood clots). This was noted by a nurse on his admission form, but was not entered on the operation form which had a section for risk factors and known allergies. The operation was carried out and the patient was discharged from hospital the same day. Given his history of thrombosis the patient should have been given anticoagulant drugs following his operation, but because his history had not been properly recorded none were given. Two days later he was admitted to the intensive care unit of another hospital with a blood clot in his lungsThe impact of uncomely events on individuals2.15 Adverse events involve a huge personal cost to the people involved, both patients and staff. Many patients suffer incr eased pain, disability and psychological trauma. On occasions, when the incident is insensitively handled, patients and their families may be upgrade traumatised when their experience is ignored, or where explanations or apologies are not forthcoming. The psychological impact of the event may be further compounded by a protracted, adversarial legal process. Staff may experience shame, guilt and depression after a serious adverse event, which may again be exacerbated by follow-up action. 20,212.16 The effect of adverse events on patients, their families and staff is not sufficiently appreciated and more attention should be given to ways of minimising the impact of adverse events on all those involved. These issues, eyepatch of great importance, cannot be fully addressed within this report and may require separate attention, though we made some limited rendering in the context of our discussion on litigation in chapter 4. terminus nurture on the frequency and nature of adverse eve nts in the NHS is uneven and can do no more than give an impression of the problem. Information from primary care is particularly lackingThe financial costs of adverse events to the NHS are difficult to estimate but undoubtedly major probably in excess of 2 billion a year at that place is evidence of a range of different kinds of failure, and of the recurrence of identical incidents or incidents with similar root causesCase studies highlight the consequences of weaknesses in the ability of the NHS as a system to learn from serious adverse eventsThere is a need for further work focusing specifically on how the impact of adverse events on patients, their families and staff can be minimised.From the cradle to the grave, increasing aging population etcBritains population is ageing fast, with statisticians predicting a huge increase in the number of 100 year olds by the next century.With people living longer and longer because of medical and other advances, health experts weigh the nu mber of people suffering from debilitating conditions such as cancer and heart disease will grow and could mean a rising demand for nursing care.Health experts are worried that as people get older, they could become prone to an increasing number of debilitating conditions if they do not keep active.The WHO has launched a black market to promote good health in old age.Doctors in the UK say people have an over-gloomy picture of old age and that in that location is no reason why they should have a lower quality of life than other people if they keep healthy.People do have anxiety that there will be a period of disability at the end of their lives.But there is no evidence that that is the case if they are encouraged to live a healthy life and this generation of elderly people are in better nick than the previous generation.Beating the ageing processOrganisations which campaign for the elderly are in favour of policies which support old people to be as independent as possible and allo w them more choice and power over their future. They say cuts in local authority and health budgets mean services like home helps have been whittled (cut) away.Without a boost in those services which support license, there is likely to be increasing pressure on those that cater for dependence our hospitals, nursing and residential homes.The organisation wants a national strategy which sets a framework that encourages independence and inclusion. It says that such a strategy would be much cheaper than putting people into care homes.They want to see a wider debate on issues such as who funds long-term care, rationing of care particularly in the light of increasing technological change, and health promotion.They argue that the present division between social and health services over long-term care is artificial and damaging.It means people in places funded by social services have to contribute towards their care costs, whereas those in places funded by the NHS get free care.